Jet A is a kerosene-based aviation turbine fuel designed specifically for jet engines and turboprop aircraft operating under high-altitude, high-speed, and extreme temperature conditions. It is the most widely used commercial aviation fuel in North America and several international markets.
Engineered for high energy density, excellent thermal stability, and clean combustion, Jet A ensures safe and reliable aircraft operation from ground level to cruising altitudes above 35,000 feet. Its formulation is governed by strict international aviation fuel standards where purity and consistency are critical.
Refining & Manufacturing Process
Fractional Distillation: Derived from the middle distillate fraction (150°C–300°C) with precise cut control.
Deep Hydrotreating (HDS): Removes sulfur, nitrogen, aromatics, oxygenates, and trace metals.
Fuel Finishing: Water separation, micro-filtration, and polishing for absolute cleanliness.
Additive Injection: Anti-static agents, antioxidants, metal deactivators, and corrosion inhibitors.
Key Characteristics
Kerosene-Based Turbine Fuel
Optimized molecular composition for turbine combustion and ignition stability.
High Flash Point (~38°C)
Improved safety during handling, storage, and aircraft fueling operations.
Low Freezing Point (~ –40°C)
Maintains fuel flow and prevents wax crystallization at high-altitude temperatures.
Clean-Burning & High Energy Density
Minimal carbon deposits on turbine components and high thrust output per unit volume.
Typical Physical & Chemical Properties
| Property | Typical Value | Aviation Significance |
|---|---|---|
| Fuel Type | Kerosene-based | Turbine compatibility |
| Density @ 15°C | 0.775 – 0.840 kg/L | Predictable fuel loading |
| Flash Point | ≥ 38°C | Ground safety |
| Freezing Point | ≤ –40°C | High-altitude operation |
| Net Heat of Combustion | ~43 MJ/kg | Long-range efficiency |
| Sulfur Content | Very low (per spec) | Emission control |
| Aromatic Content | Limited | Seal compatibility |
| Viscosity @ –20°C | Low | Fuel pump performance |
| Smoke Point | ≥ 25 mm | Clean combustion |
| Appearance | Clear, water-white | Purity indicator |
| Electrical Conductivity | Controlled (additives) | Static safety |
Storage, Handling & Quality Control
Stored in dedicated aviation fuel tanks with strict water-control protocols.
Closed-loop fueling systems and micron-level filtration are mandatory.
Continuous testing for water, particulates, and microbial contamination.
Applications of Jet A Fuel
Primary: Commercial jet aircraft, turboprop aircraft, business jets, regional commuters.
Secondary: Aircraft ground power units, airport emergency generators, approved defense aviation.
Environmental & Safety Considerations
Cleaner-burning than gasoline-based aviation fuels
Reduced particulate emissions and turbine deposits
Strict safety procedures during transport and refueling
Regulatory & Quality Standards
ASTM D1655 – Aviation Turbine Fuel Specification
DEF STAN 91-91 (where applicable)
AFQRJOS (Joint Inspection System)
ICAO fuel quality requirements
Jet A vs Jet A-1 (Quick Comparison)
| Parameter | Jet A | Jet A-1 |
|---|---|---|
| Freezing Point | –40°C | –47°C |
| Primary Use | North America | International |
| Flash Point | ≥ 38°C | ≥ 38°C |
| Energy Content | Similar | Similar |
| Availability | Regional | Global Standard |
Advantages of Jet A Fuel
Proven reliability in commercial aviation
Excellent thermal stability
High energy density for long-haul efficiency
Strict quality assurance and traceability