Jet B, also known as Jet Fuel B, is a wide-cut aviation turbine fuel formulated from a blend of kerosene and gasoline-range (naphtha) hydrocarbons. Unlike Jet A and Jet A-1, Jet B contains lighter fractions that deliver exceptional cold-weather operability and extremely low freezing characteristics.
Jet B is specifically designed for extreme climate operations in Arctic and sub-Arctic regions, where conventional aviation fuels may approach their freezing limits. Due to its higher volatility and lower flash point, Jet B is primarily used in military aviation, remote operations, and specialized aircraft rather than mainstream commercial aviation.
Refining & Manufacturing Process
Wide-Cut Fractional Distillation: Extracted from a broad boiling range (~100°C–300°C) including light naphtha and kerosene fractions.
Hydrotreating / HDS: Removes sulfur, nitrogen, aromatics, oxygen compounds, and trace metals.
Fuel Finishing: Multi-stage filtration, water separation, and optional clay treatment.
Additive Injection: Anti-static agents, antioxidants, corrosion inhibitors, and metal deactivators.
Key Characteristics
Extremely Low Freezing Point (~ –60°C)
Ensures fuel remains fully fluid in polar, high-altitude, and extreme cold environments.
High Volatility
Improves cold-start ignition and combustion reliability but requires strict handling and fire-safety procedures.
Wide Distillation Range
Combines kerosene and lighter hydrocarbons for stable combustion across wide temperature conditions.
Clean & Stable Combustion
Properly refined Jet B burns cleanly with minimal turbine deposits in engines certified for wide-cut fuels.
Typical Physical & Chemical Properties
| Property | Typical Value | Aviation Significance |
|---|---|---|
| Fuel Type | Wide-cut (naphtha + kerosene) | Extreme cold performance |
| Density @ 15°C | 0.75 – 0.80 kg/L | Accurate fuel loading |
| Flash Point | ~ –20°C to –1°C | High volatility (safety critical) |
| Freezing Point | ≤ –60°C | Polar operability |
| Net Heat of Combustion | ~42–43 MJ/kg | High energy output |
| Sulfur Content | Very low (per spec) | Emission control |
| Aromatic Content | Controlled | Seal compatibility |
| Vapor Pressure | Higher than Jet A-1 | Cold start reliability |
| Appearance | Clear, water-white | Purity indicator |
Storage, Handling & Safety Considerations
Dedicated grounded storage tanks with vapor control are mandatory.
Strict electrostatic grounding during fueling operations.
Enhanced fire-safety measures and trained personnel required.
Applications of Jet B Fuel
Primary: Military aircraft in extreme cold regions, Arctic and sub-Arctic aviation operations, remote airbases.
Limited Use: Older aircraft and helicopters certified for wide-cut fuels.
Environmental & Safety Considerations
Higher evaporative emissions than Jet A-1
Increased flammability risk during ground handling
Restricted use at standard commercial airports
Regulatory & Quality Standards
ASTM D1655 – Jet B specification
Military and defense fuel standards (where applicable)
ICAO aviation fuel handling guidelines
Jet B vs Jet A-1 (Quick Comparison)
| Parameter | Jet B | Jet A-1 |
|---|---|---|
| Fuel Type | Wide-cut | Kerosene-based |
| Freezing Point | ~ –60°C | –47°C |
| Flash Point | Very Low | ≥ 38°C |
| Volatility | High | Moderate |
| Cold Climate Suitability | Excellent | Very Good |
| Handling Safety | Lower | Higher |
| Commercial Use | Limited | Global Standard |
Advantages of Jet B Fuel
Exceptional cold-weather operability
Reliable ignition in extreme environments
Suitable for polar and high-latitude missions
Limitations
Higher fire risk due to volatility
Limited aircraft compatibility
Restricted availability and infrastructure