Type 2-K Kerosene, commonly referred to as Higher Sulfur Kerosene, is a middle-distillate petroleum fuel refined from crude oil with moderate to high sulfur content compared to Type 1-K kerosene. It is designed for industrial, agricultural, and outdoor commercial applications where ultra-low sulfur levels are not mandatory. This grade delivers strong heat output, good ignition stability, and effective solvent characteristics, making it a preferred cost-efficient fuel for furnaces, boilers, industrial burners, and cleaning operations. Due to its higher sulfur level, Type 2-K is not recommended for indoor residential appliances or wick-type heaters.
Refining & Production Process
Type 2-K kerosene is obtained during atmospheric distillation of crude oil, followed by limited hydrotreating compared to 1-K kerosene.
Production Steps:
1.Crude Oil Fractionation
Extracted from the kerosene boiling range (approx. 150–300°C).
2.Partial Hydrotreating
Removes some impurities but allows higher sulfur retention to reduce processing cost.
3.Phase Separation & Filtration
Eliminates free water, sediments, and large particulates.
4.Stabilization
Ensures consistent combustion and storage stability.
This process results in a clear to pale yellow fuel with reliable performance in robust combustion systems.
Key Characteristics
Higher Sulfur Content (0.30–0.50%)
Produces stronger odor and more combustion residues
Not suitable for enclosed or poorly ventilated spaces
Acceptable for industrial burners designed for sulfur-bearing fuels
High Heat Output
Delivers efficient thermal energy for high-temperature operations
Suitable for furnaces, boilers, and dryers
Good Solvent Properties
Effectively dissolves oils, greases, waxes, and bituminous residues
Used in machinery cleaning and degreasing processes
Moderate Volatility
Safer handling than gasoline or light naphtha
Economical Fuel Choice
Lower refining cost translates into competitive pricing
Ideal for bulk industrial consumption
Can be stored for extended periods in sealed containers
Resistant to rapid oxidation under proper conditions
Mechanical & Chemical Properties
| Property | Typical Value | Industrial Significance |
|---|---|---|
| Sulfur Content | 0.30 – 0.50% | Higher heat output, lower cost |
| Density @ 15°C | 0.78 – 0.82 g/cm³ | Efficient atomization |
| Kinematic Viscosity @ 40°C | 1.3 – 2.0 cSt | Stable fuel flow |
| Flash Point | 38 – 72°C | Safer handling |
| Distillation Range | 150 – 300°C | Controlled combustion |
| Heating Value | 43 – 46 MJ/kg | High energy efficiency |
| Pour Point | −20°C to −35°C | Outdoor operability |
| Appearance | Clear to pale yellow | Visual purity indicator |
Storage & Shelf Life
Store in carbon steel tanks or epoxy-lined containers
Keep away from moisture and direct sunlight
Use proper venting to avoid pressure buildup
Available Supply & Packaging
Type 2-K Higher Sulfur Kerosene is available in flexible packaging formats:
Bulk Tanker Supply: 10,000–20,000 liters
Steel Drums: 200L / 210L
Jerry Cans: 20L / 40L
IBC Tanks: 1000L
Applications of Type 2-K Kerosene
Industrial Applications: Industrial furnaces and boilers
High-temperature industrial heaters
Metal forging, casting, and heat treatment
Bitumen heating for road construction
Kilns, dryers, and incineration systems
Industrial burners and flame-based equipment
2.Agricultural & Commercial Uses
Greenhouse heating systems
Grain and crop dryers
Outdoor heaters and farm installations
Tractor and heavy machinery heating units
Cleaning and degreasing of agricultural equipment
Industrial solvent and degreasing agent
Fuel for generators designed for higher sulfur content
Blending component in petrochemical and refinery processes
Temporary fuel supply for remote or off-grid operations
Environmental & Safety Considerations
Higher SO₂ emissions than Type 1-K
Requires adequate ventilation during combustion
Industrial PPE recommended during handling
Regulatory & Quality Standards
ASTM D3699 (Industrial kerosene)
IS 1459 (India – subject to sulfur limits)
Local industrial fuel regulations apply
Comparison: Type 1-K vs Type 2-K
| Parameter | Type 1-K | Type 2-K |
|---|---|---|
| Sulfur Content | <0.04% | 0.30–0.50% |
| Indoor Use | Yes | No |
| Odor & Smoke | Very Low | Moderate |
| Cost | Higher | Lower |
| Industrial Use | Limited | Extensive |